Mastering

Mastering is the final stage of audio post-production, where a mastering engineer takes the completed mix and prepares it for distribution on a specific format. This involves adjusting overall EQ, dynamics, stereo width, and loudness to ensure the music translates well across different playback systems — from earbuds to hi-fi speakers. For vinyl, mastering also involves cutting a lacquer disc that will serve as the template for pressing.

Vinyl mastering is a specialized discipline because the format has physical constraints that digital doesn't. Excessive bass can cause the cutting stylus to create grooves that overlap. Overly wide stereo imaging can cause playback issues. Sibilance (harsh "s" sounds) can cause distortion. A skilled vinyl mastering engineer knows how to optimize for these constraints while preserving the music's character — often producing a version that sounds distinct from (and sometimes preferred to) the digital master.

The mastering engineer and the quality of the master source are the most important factors in how a record sounds — more important than vinyl weight, color, or pressing plant. When buying vinyl, research who mastered it. Names like Bernie Grundman, Bob Ludwig, Kevin Gray, and Ryan Smith are trusted by audiophiles. A record mastered by a skilled engineer from the original analog tapes will sound better than a mediocre mastering from a digital source on the heaviest, most expensive vinyl.