Surface noise refers to the audible sounds produced by the physical interaction between a turntable stylus and a vinyl record's groove surface, distinct from the recorded music itself. This includes low-level hiss (from the vinyl material itself), pops and clicks (from dust particles, static, or minor surface imperfections), and rumble (from the turntable's motor or environmental vibration).
The level of surface noise depends on several factors: the condition of the record (new records have minimal noise), the quality of the pressing (better vinyl compounds produce less noise), the turntable and cartridge quality (better equipment reads grooves more cleanly), and the listener's setup (a good phono preamp with appropriate loading reduces noise). Proper record cleaning, anti-static treatment, and stylus maintenance dramatically reduce surface noise.
For many vinyl enthusiasts, a degree of surface noise is part of the format's appeal — the gentle crackle at the start of a record creates an intimate, "live" listening atmosphere that digital formats lack. However, excessive noise indicates either a poorly maintained record, worn stylus, or subpar pressing. If your records are noisy, try a thorough wet cleaning (with a dedicated record cleaning machine or kit), a new stylus, and proper anti-static inner sleeves before blaming the format.
The "warm" sound people associate with vinyl is partly surface noise — the subtle interplay of the analog medium with the music creates a psychoacoustic effect many find more engaging than digital silence.